Developmental Psychology Notes - 7715 Words

Development Sex – sexual anatomy and sexual behaviour Gender – perception of maleness or femaleness related to membership in a given society Week 8 Growing brain The brain grows at a faster rate than any other part of the body. By age 5, child’s brain weighs 90% of average adult brain weight, whereas total body weight is merely 30%. One reason is due to increase in the number of interconnections among cells. These interconnects allow for more complex communication between neurons, permit rapid growth of cognitive skills. Amount of myelin (protective insulation that surrounds parts of the neurons) increases, which speeds the transmission of electrical impulses along brain cells but also adds weight to the brain. Rapid brain†¦show more content†¦Emergence of intuitive thought – use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world Piaget limitations – researched based on few children, it’s been found that Piaget underestimated children’s capabilities * cognitive skills develop more in a continuous manner, developmental changes are more quantitative in nature, improving gradually. * Conservation theory has not stood up to careful experimental scrutiny Information processing theories – cognitive development consists of gradual improvements in the ways people perceive, understand and remember information With age and practice, pre-schoolers process more information efficiently and with greater sophistication, and they are able to handle increasingly complex problems. It is these quantitative advances which constitute cognitive development Argue that their approach is a more accurateShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Role of Methodology in Developmental Research1467 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Methodology in Developmental Research Developmental psychology may be defined as a branch psychology devoted to understanding all changes that human beings, experience throughout the lifespan (Berk. E. L 2003). Developmental psychology focuses hugely on development in childhood, as major changes occur in childhood, it is the scientific study of ‘how we grow and develop’, (Davenport 1994). Developmental psychology aims to understand the important aspectsRead MoreLife Span Development Paper664 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to Cliff Notes, Developmental psychology is the scientific study of age-related changes throughout the human life span. 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Definition and Examples of Paralepsis in Rhetoric

Paralepsis  (also spelled paralipsis) is the rhetorical strategy (and logical fallacy) of emphasizing a point by seeming to pass over it. Adjective: paraleptic or paraliptic. Similar to apophasis and praeteritio. In The English Academy (1677), John Newton defined paralepsis as a kind of irony, by which we seem to pass by, or take no notice of such things which yet we strictly observe and remember. Etymology From the Greek  para-  beside   leipein  to leave Pronunciation:  pa-ra-LEP-sis Examples Lets pass swiftly over the vicars predilection for cream cakes. Lets not dwell on his fetish for Dolly Mixture. Lets not even mention his rapidly increasing girth. No, no—let us instead turn directly to his recent work on self-control and abstinence.(Tom Coates, Plasticbag.org, Apr. 5, 2003)The music, the service at the feast,The noble gifts for the great and small,The rich adornment of Theseuss palace . . .All these things I do not mention now.(Chaucer, The Knights Tale, The Canterbury Tales)We get [in Oprah by Kitty Kelley] the obligatory discussion of whether or not Oprah and Gayle King, her best friend of thirty-four years, are lesbians. There was no foundation for the rumors of a lesbian relationship, except for their constant togetherness and Oprahs bizarre teasing of the subject, Kelley writes, and then, like a conspiracy theorist squinting to see the pyramids on dollar bills, trots out unconvincing insinuations.(Lauren Collins, Celebrity Smackdown. The New Yorker, Apri l 19, 2010) Mark Antonys Paralepsis But heres a parchment, with the seal of Caesar;I found it in his closet; tis his will:Let but the commons hear this testament—Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read . . ..Have patience, gentle friends, I must not read it.It is not meet you know how Caesar lovd you.You are not wood, you are not stones, but men;And, being men, hearing the will of Caesar,It will inflame you, it will make you mad:Tis good you know not that you are his heirs;For if you should, oh, what would come of it!(Mark Antony in William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, Act III, scene two) A Form of Irony Paralipsis: a form of irony in which one gets ones message across by suggesting the outlines of the message that one is struggling to suppress. We are not going to say that paralipsis is . . . the habitual refuge of the courtroom mechanic, who abuses it in order to suggest to the jury what he can very well deny to the judge ever having said.(L. Bridges and W. Rickenbacker, The Art of Persuasion, 1991) The Paraleptic Strike-Through The so-called strike through mode of type has come into its own as a standard device in opinion journalism--even in print. . . .As New York Times blogger Noam Cohen commented a while back, [I]n Internet culture, the strike-through has already taken on an ironic function, as a ham-fisted way of having it both ways in type a witty way of simultaneously commenting on your prose as you create it. And when this device appears in print, its being used exclusively for this kind of ironic effect. . . .The paradox is that crossing something out highlights it. The ancient Greek rhetoricians had a whole vocabulary of terms to refer to different forms of mentioning by not mentioning.(Ruth Walker, Highlight Your Errors: The Paradox of the Strike Through Mode. The Christian Science Monitor, July 9, 2010) Political Paralepsis Obama characterized Clintons remarks as tired Washington politicians and the games they play.She made an unfortunate remark about Martin Luther King and Lyndon Johnson, he said. I havent remarked on it. And she offended some folks who thought she diminished the role about King and the civil rights movement. The notion that this is our doing is ludicrous.Obama went on to criticize Clintons interview, saying that she spent an hour focused on attacking him rather than telling people about her positive vision for America.(Domenico Montanaro, Obama: Clinton MLK Comments Ludicrous, NBC First Read, Jan. 13, 2008) Paralepsis (or Omission), 1823 Paralepsis, or Omission, is a figure by which the orator pretends to conceal or pass by what he really means to declare and strongly to enforce.Whatever we seem to give up, as a matter of small consequence, we generally pronounce in a higher and softer tone of voice than the rest: this is accompanied with an air of indifference that seems to make light of what we mention, and this indifference generally leads us to end the particulars with the suspension of voice, properly called the rising inflection. Thus Cicero, in his defense of Sextius, introduces his character in the following manner, with a design of recommending him to the favour of the judges: I might say many things of his liberality, kindness to his domestics, his command in the army, and moderation during his office in the province; but the honour of the state presents itself to my view, and calling me to it, advises me to omit these lesser matters. The first part of this sentence should be spoken in a soft high tone of voice, with an air of indifference, as if waving the advantages arising from his clients character; but the latter part assumes a lower and firmer tone, which greatly enforces and sets off the former.(John Walker, A Rhetorical Grammar, 1823)

Financial Analysis Of The South Korean Leader Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2440 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Ratio analysis provides a very quick and effective way of obtaining an insight into a companys operations and performance. When ratios for several consecutive years are graphically presented, a moving picture of a companys performance can be established. (Edum-fotwe F., Price A. and Thorpe A., 1996) Thus, this paper examines the business performance analysis of NHN Corporation according to Financial Ratio. Fiscal year ending in South Korea is December 31 and currency and banking the unit of currency in South Korea is the won (1,074.0 won equal U.S.$1; 14th Dec, 2012). This paper proceeds as follows, Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Analysis Of The South Korean Leader Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Reveal the major changes in the financial performance of the company over the last three years using suitable ratios Look for limitations on the above ratio analysis Forecast the solvency of the company using current ratio Major changes in the financial performance Business Summary NHN Corporation operates Internet search portals primarily in South Korea and Japan. NHN Corporation provides Internet site with web portal services, such as search engine, online game and content development (Yahoo finance). The Company also offers marketing service through text and banner advertisement (Bloomberg). In addition, its products and services consist of Naver Japan, a search engine; LINE, a mobile messenger service; Naver Mobile, a mobile Web service that enables mobile users to access a range of Naver services on mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablet PCs. Further, it operates as a sales agency specializing in search advertising; offers operation and security services for infrastructure; and provides information systems and shopping services. The company was founded in 1999 and is headquartered in Seongnam-si, South Korea (Bloomberg Businessweek). Internet Information Home Page: https://www.nhncorp.com News Releases: https://www.nhncorp.com/nhnen/pr/pressRelease.nhn Investor Relations: https://www.nhncorp.com/nhnen/ir/shareholderComposition.nhn Financial Information: https://www.nhncorp.com/nhnen/ir/financialStatements.nhn Corporate History/Profile: https://www.nhncorp.com/nhnen/company/companyInfo.nhn Executives: https://www.nhncorp.com/nhnen/ir/directorate.nhn Products/Services: https://www.nhncorp.com/nhnen/service/naver.nhn Business Performance Analysis Over The Triennium 2.2.1 Profitability Gross Margin shows the amount of revenue left over after deducting direct costs of producing the goods or services. Operating Profit and Operating Margin trace the progress revenue down to another important level. From gross profit, we now subtract indirect costs, often referred to as overhead e.g. facilities and salaries associated with headquarters operations. Profit Margin shows how much of each revenue dollar is left after all costs, of any kind, are subtracted. These other costs include such items as interest on corporate debt and income taxes. These ratios realize overall profitability, or the bottom-line. FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 3 Year Average Gross Margin (%) 56.29 100.00 100.00 85.43 Operating Margin (%) 37.52 33.07 29.25 33.28 Net Profit Margin (%) 27.54 25.04 21.05 24.54 Note. Figure from DART: https://englishdart.fss.or.kr/dsbb001/main.do Gross Margin: This value measures the percent of revenue left after paying all direct production expenses. It is calculated as Revenue minus the Cost of Goods Sold divided by the Revenue and multiplied by 100. Gross Margin = Gross Profit x 100 / Revenue FY2011 Gross Margin = 2,121 billion KRW x100 / 2,121 billion KRW = 100 % Operating Margin: This value measures the percent of revenues remaining after paying all operating expenses. It is calculated as Operating Income divided by the Total Revenue, multiplied by100. Operation Margin = Operating Income x 100 / Total Revenue FY2011 Operation Margin = 620 billion KRW x 100 / 2,121 billion KRW = 29.25 % Net Profit Margin: Also known as Return on Sales, this value is the Income After Taxes divided by Total Revenue for the same period and is expressed as a percentage. Net Profit Margin = Net Income x 100 / Operation Revenues FY2011 Net Profit Margin = 452 billion KRW x 100 / 2,147 billion KRW = 21.05 % 2.2.2 Efficiency and Profitability Return On Capital Employed is used to prove the value the business gains from its assets and liabilities, a business which owns lots of land but has little profit will have a smaller ROCE to a business which owns little land but makes the same profit. It basically can be used to show how much a business is gaining for its assets, or how much it is losing for its liabilities. FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 3 Year Average ROCE % 52.44 37.65 33.72 41.27 ROCE is calculated using this formula: = Operating Profit (EBIT) x 100 / Equity Shareholders Funds (Total Assets Current Liabilities) = EBIT x 100 / Capital Employed = EBIT x 100 / (Equity + Non-current Liabilities) = EBIT x 100 / (Total Assets Current Liabilities) FY2011 ROCE = 620 billion KRW x 100 / (2,372-532) billion KRW = 33.72 % 2.2.3 Financial Strength Financial Strength looks at business risk. The stronger a company is from a financial standpoint, the less risky it is. The Quick Ratio compares cash and short-term investments (investments that could be converted to cash very quickly) to the financial liabilities they expect to incur within a years time. The Current Ratio compares year-ahead liabilities to cash on hand now plus other inflows (e.g. Accounts Receivable) the company is likely to realize over that same twelve-month period. The Long Term Debt/Equity Ratio looks at the companys capital base. A ratio of 1.00 means the companys long-term debt and equity are equal. FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 3 Year Average Quick Ratio 2.11 2.70 2.57 2.46 Current Ratio 2.29 2.82 2.69 2.60 LT Debt / Equity 0.02 0.14 0.09 0.08 Note. Figure from DART: https://englishdart.fss.or.kr/dsbb001/main.do Quick Ratio: Cash plus Short Term Investments plus Accounts Receivable divided by the Total Current Liabilities for the same period. Quick Ratio = (Current Assets Inventories) / Current Liabilities FY2011 Quick Ratio = (1,431 63) billion KRW / 532 billion KRW = 2.57 Current Ratio: Total Current Assets divided by Total Current Liabilities for the same period. Current Ratio = Total Current Assets / Total Current Liabilities FY2011 Current Ratio = 1,431 billion KRW / 532 billion KRW = 2.69 Long Term Debt To Total Equity: Total Long Term Debt divided by Total Shareholder Equity. Long Term Debt To Total Equity = Total Long Term Debt / Total Shareholder Equity FY2011 LT Debt / Equity = 147 billion KRW / 1,577 billion KRW = 0.09 2.2.4 Management Effectiveness (%) A companys ability to operate profitably can be measured directly by measuring its return on assets. ROA (Return On Assets) is the ratio of a companys net profit to its total assets, expressed as a percentage. ROA measures how well a companys management uses its assets to generate profits. It is a better measure of operating efficiency than ROE, which only measures how much profit is generated on the shareholders equity but ignores debt funding. This ratio is particularly relevant for banks which typically have huge assets. FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 3 Year Average Return on Assets % 29.67 25.10 20.84 25.20 Return on Investments % 40.96 32.98 26.53 33.49 Note. Figure from DART: https://englishdart.fss.or.kr/dsbb001/main.do Return on Assets: This value is the Income After Taxes divided by the Average Total Assets, expressed as a percentage. Return on Asssets = Income After Taxes x 100 / Average Total Assets FY2011 Return on Assets = 452 billion KRW x 100 / 2169 = 20.84 % 3. Limitation First, financial ration analysis is one way of focusing on areas of the business which may need investigation and comparing one thing with another (FeB Note, 2012). The thing could be comparison of one type of expense with another, however, remember this is only the starting point for further analysis as needed. Financial ratio analysis is useless without comparisons. In doing industry analysis, most business use benchmark companies. Benchmark companies are those considered most accurate and most important and are those used for comparison regarding industry average ratios. Companies even benchmark different divisions of their company against the same division of other benchmark companies (About.com-Business fiancne, 2012). Therefore, it is needed to compare results with expected result (e.g. budgets with actual results, one business with another, and one sector with another) (FeB Note, 2012) to use this financial ratio to advantage. Second, anyone investing, or thinking of investing, in a business will want to know several things about that business. Firstly an investor might want to know what sort of return they would get on any investment made. This is known as the Return on Capital employed (ROCE) and is fundamental to analyzing a set of accounts. Having established ROCE, interested parties would look at further ratios to decide whether the business was a worthwhile investment. A more accurate variation of Return On Capital Employed Ratio is return on average capital employed (ROACE), which takes the average of opening and closing capital employed for the time period. One limitation of ROCE is the fact that it does not account for the depreciation and amortization of the capital employed. Because capital employed is in the denominator, a company with depreciated assets may find its ROCE increases without an actual increase in profit. Furthermore, by definition, ROCE should identify how well a company is using capital to generate revenue and the profitability ratio, ROCE has been decreased over the last three years. However, a profitable business can have either rising or declining ROCE. The direction indicates whether the decrease in business additional revenue is losing a return at, below [declining], or higher [climbing] on incremental capital investment. Capital employed is a good measure of the total resources that a business has available to it, although it is not perfect. For example, a business might lease or hire many of its production capacity (machinery, buildings etc) which would not be included as assets in the balance sheet. Therefore, it is needed to compare the ROCE number to borrowing rate to see how effective the ratio is. Operating Profit ratio uncovers situations where companies are relying on actions other than operations to generate an income. Investing activities and sales of assets generate revenue, but these actions are not usually sustainable and regular as maintaining a steady flow of sales. A high, or increasing Operating Profit Percentage is usually a positive sign, showing the company is increasingly able to generate sales from its operations. Because the numerator (Net Income) is an unreliable corporate performance measurement, the outcome of the formula for Return On Equity (ROE) must also be unreliable to determine success or corporate value. However, the formula keeps showing up in many annual reports still. 4. Outlook for 2012 and future Current Financial Information Fiscal year ending in South Korea is December 31 and currency and banking the unit of currency in South Korea is the won (1,074.0 won equal U.S.$1; 14th Dec, 2012). Based on K-IFRS consolidated financial statements, Operating Revenue in 3Q 2012 was 1,746,365 million KRW and that is 12.1% increase from the same period a year ago, Operating Income has decreased by 0.2% (467,931 million KRW) and consolidated Net Income has risen to 376,794 million KRW and that has swelled by 11.2%, year-on-year. The following table is the sales break down by business units. (Units: Billions of KRW, %) Item Consolidated financial statements 3Q 2012 FY 2011 Amount Proportion Amount Proportion Operation Revenues 1,746.3 100.0% 2,147.4 100.0% 1. Sales 1,737.3 99.5% 2,121.3 98.8% Search Advertisement 891.2 51.1% 1,081.7 50.4% Display Advertisement 251.8 14.4% 298.6 13.9% Online Game 459.5 26.3% 640.6 29.8% Others 134.6 7.7% 100.1 4.7% 2. Other Operating Revenues 8.9 0.5% 26.0 1.2% Note. Figure from DART: https://englishdart.fss.or.kr/dsbb001/main.do In 2012, search and display ads are expected to outperform the overall advertising markets growth, due to product improvements and rising Internet use. In the area of mobile advertising, NHN will increase its revenue to over KRW 100 billion and enhance its advertisers convenience by revamping its products and services. This will also help it to generate new business opportunities and hone its competitive edge. Navers Knowledge Shopping will enhance the companys competitiveness in product information search results when it launches the ShopN open market service. It will be upgraded to an e-commerce platform, with enhanced user convenience. 4.2 Current Ratio Current ratio is the ratio of current assets of a business to its current liabilities. It is the most important and widely used test of liquidity of a business. The concept behind this ratio is to ascertain whether a companys short-term assets (cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, receivables and inventory) are readily available to pay off its short-term liabilities (notes payable, current portion of term debt, payables, accrued expenses and taxes). In theory, the higher the current ratio, the better (Investopedia.com, 2012). Formula Current Ratio (expressed as a factor) is calculated using this formula: = Current Assets / Current Liabilities Statement of Financial Position (Unit: billion KRW) 3Q11 4Q11 1Q12 2Q12 3Q12 Current Asset 1,380 1,431 1,528 1,697 1,782 Current Liabilities 468 532 545 502 590 Current Ratio (factor) 3.0 2.7 2.8 3.4 3.0 Note. DART: https://englishdart.fss.or.kr/dsbb001/main.do A current ratio of around 1.7-2.0 is pretty encouraging for a business. It suggests that the business has enough cash to be able to pay its debts, but not too much finance tied up in current assets which could be reinvested or distributed to shareholders (Tutor2u, 2012). General rule is that higher the current ratio better it is but there is a limit to this. A current ratio higher than 2.5 (AccountingExplained, 2012) might indicate existence of idle or underutilized resources in the company. However, NHN is expected to have a current ratio over 3.0 in Q412 although the company continues to invest and grow its new mobile business and overseas operations in 2012 and 2013. NHN will also strengthen its overseas businesses. Its main goal will be to rank first in Japans Internet portal service and smartphone game markets. In order to improve its operating efficiency in that country, the company merged the management of Hangame Japan, Naver Japan, and livedoor in January 2012. It will also widen the user base of the Naver Japan search portal mainly by revitalizing its Matome user participation information service, improving the search quality, and launching new mobile services. The company also intends to increase its number of global users by upgrading the quality of its LINE SNS service, and seek added synergy effects with its services. Reference Edum-fotwe F., Price A. and Thorpe A., (1996). A review of financial ratio tools for predicting contractor insolvency, Construction Management and Economics 14 (3): 189-198. Yahoo finance, (2012). Company profile.[online] Available at: lt; https://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=035420.KS+Profile gt; [Accessed 8 December 2012]. Bloomberg, (2012). Company profile.[online] Available at: lt; https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/035420:KS/profile/gt; [Accessed 8 December 2012]. Bloomberg Businessweek, (2012). Company profile.[online] Available at: lt; https://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=035420:KSgt;[Accessed 8 December 2012]. Finance for E-Business Web Note, (2012). Ratio Analysis, Warwick Manufacturing Group About.com-Business fiancne, (2012). Limitations of Financial Ratio Analysis Advantages and Disadvantages of Ratio Analysis for Business.[online] Available at: lt; https://bizfinance.about.com/od/financialratios/tp/limitations-financial-ratio-analysis.htm gt;[Accessed 10 December 2012]. Investopedia.com, (2012). Liquidity Measurement Ratios: Current Ratio.[online] Available at: lt; https://www.investopedia.com/university/ratios/liquidity-measurement/ratio1.asp#ixzz2FFamqrA8 gt;[Accessed 11 December 2012]. Tutor2u, (2012). How is the current ratio calculated and interpreted?.[online] Available at: lt; https://www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/business-studies/comments/qa-how-is-the-current-ratio-calculated-and-interpreted gt;[Accessed 11 December 2012]. AccountingExplained, (2012). Current Ratio.[online] Available at: lt; https://accountingexplained.com/financial/ratios/current-ratiogt;[Accessed 13 December 2012]. DART, (2012). Korea Financial Supervisory Service .[online] Available at: lt; https://englishdart.fss.or.kr/dsbb001/main.dogt;[Accessed 10 December 2012]. Appendix 1 Appendix 2

The Effect Of Iq Scores - 1011 Words

James Flynn (1984, 1987, 2007) conducted comprehensive studies of several intelligence tests and he concluded a long-term upward tendency of performance of IQ scores, by approximately 1 IQ point per every 4 to 5 years. This tendency is termed as Flynn effect by Herrnstein and Murray (1994) and it varies in different countries over different time periods. For example the United States developed by 3 points every decade between 1932 and 1978, in Estonia by 1.65 points between 1932 and 2006, Japan gained 7.7 between 1940 and 165, Argentina s gains was 6.91 between 164 and 1998 (Williams, 2013). However, this must be interpreted with caution as the progression of the IQ increase does not necessary mean that the general intelligence advanced (Urbina, 2014). The Flynn effect can be explained by several approaches however these interpretations are not completely explanatory and some have been found contradictory. A multi level environmental explanation was provided by Niesser (1998), he ar gues that the IQ rise occurred due to the tendency which took part in the second part of the 20th century in some countries where better nutrition, improved care during pregnancy, urbanization, schooling, television, greater environmental complexity and pre-school surroundings were found. Regarding schooling and education difficulties arise, as education is unlikely to cause the changes in all data sets (Williams, 2013). The Flynn effect was rather found in non-scholastic factors, meanwhileShow MoreRelatedIntelligence Is Defined As General Cognitive Problem Solving Skills1449 Words   |  6 Pagesability to think and reason. IQ score is a standardized way of comparing this ability with the majority of people the same age as you are. A score of 100 means that compared to these people in your general age group that you have basically an average intelligence. 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In the research they used 8716 twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study, and replicated moderating effect of SES on children’s intelligence at ages 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12 and 14 to find lower heritability inRead MorePrevalence Of Depression And Autism Spectrum Disorder1334 Words   |  6 Pagesadolescents on the autism spectrum with high IQ will be more likely to experience depression. participants will be 50 adolescents between 13 and 18 years of age formally diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. participants will complete the depression related questions from the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS) which will be administered by their respective psychologist. the participants DASS score will be measured against IQ score. participants with higher IQ scores will be more likely to experienceRead MoreIntelligence, Cognitive, And Cognitive Psychology1543 Words   |  7 Pagestouched on whether intelligence is determined exclusively by genes or by the environment of the individual. 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Improved Fast Decoupled Power Flow Free Essays

The power flow analysis is a very important and tundamental tool in power system analysis. Its results play the major role during the operational stages of any system for its control and economic schedule, as well as during expansion and design stages The purpose of any load flow analysis is to compute precise steady-state voltages and voltage angles of all buses in the network, the real and reactive power flows into every line and transformer, under the assumption of known generation and load. During the second half of the twentieth century, and after the large technological evelopments in the fields of digital computers and high-level programming languages, many methods for solving the load flow problem have been developed, such as indirect Gauss-Siedel (bus admittance matrix). We will write a custom essay sample on Improved Fast Decoupled Power Flow or any similar topic only for you Order Now direct Gauss-Siedel (bus impedance matrix). Newton-Raphson (NR) and its decoupled versions Nowadays, many Improvements have been added to all these methods involving assumptions and approximations of the transmission lines and bus data, based on real systems conditions The Fast Decoupled Power Flow Method (FDPFM) is one of these improved methods, which was based on a simplification of the Newton-Raphson method and reported by Stott and Alsac in 1974[4]. This method and due to its calculations simplifications, fast convergence and reliable results became the most widely used method in load flow analysis. However, FDPFM for some cases, where high RA ratios or heavy loading (Low Voltage) at some buses are present, does not converge well. For these cases, many efforts and developments have been made to overcome these convergence obstacles. some of them targeted the convergence of systems with hgh RIX ratios, others those with low voltage buses However, one of the most recent developments is a Robust Fast Decoupled Power Flow developed by Wang and u; it Is ased on heuristic justification and general voltage normalization methods [171 and solves both high RIX ratios and low bus voltages problems simultaneously. Though many efforts and elaborations have been achieved in order to improve the and simulations are becoming more developed and are now able to handle and analyze large size system. Today, and after reaching processor’s speeds higher than 3 GHz, any improvement in the speed of convergence of the power flow method, provided it leads to reliable results, is of great value. This speed improvement is very important when involved in operational stages of power distribution, where any illisecond saving can hugely increase the probability of the right decision, of the control and dispatch computerized system. This paper works on providing computing savings (in flops) and thus higher speed of convergence of the FDPFM based on the initial approximation in which real power changes are considered to be most sensitive to variations in voltage angle and much less to those of voltage magnitude, as well as on the high sensitivity of reactive power changes to variations in voltage magnitude and much less to those of voltage angle. In this paper, the attention was focused on the update of the voltage angle (6) and oltage magnitude (V) in each iteration, based on the improvement of flops achieved, and obviously on the results obtained. The results of these improvements and the comparative analysis with the Newton-Raphson and classical FDPFM will be presented using the three IEEE bus systems of 14, 30 and 57-bus, although the IFDPFM can be applied to any size bus system. II. Fast Decoupled Power Flow Method As the FDPFM is derived from the Newton-Raphson we will start from the matrix representation of NR, apply some simplifications and approximations, to reach the equations of the FDPFM. The matrix representation of the N-R method [17] is: O APOOH Where I IVJI IYiJl +6]) And -2 cos Bit +2 cos -6i +6]) Nii – = I VI II YiJ I cos (B iJ- 6i + 6]) Nil (7) -2 IYiil stn +2 IVJI IYiJl cos -6i +6]) Now, for typical power system branches: XIR and ; 200 (10) between AQ and A6, hence N and J entries of the initial matrix of (1) can be ignored leading to the following decoupled equations: (12) Now, the diagonal elements of H according to Stott and Alsac [4] can be written as: IVi12Bii (13) Where Bii = I Yill sin Bii is the imaginary part of the diagonal elements of the bus admittance matrix Ybus. Further simplifications can be applied to equation (12), by considering Bii Qi and I Vil 2 z I Vil yielding to the following simplified Hit: Hii=- (14) Also, as under normal operating conditions 6] – 6i is quite small, thus Bii – 6i + 6] Bit, and IVJI 1, the off-diagonal elements of the matrix H can be written as: HIJ I Vil (15) Similarly, the diagonal elements of the L matrix can be written as: Lil † (16) And its off- diagonal elements as: LiJ=-lVll (17) Applying these assumptions to equations (11) and (12) we get: =-B’A6 I vil (18) (19) where B’ and B† are the imaginary part of the bus admittance matrix Ybus , such that B’ contains all buses admittances except those related to the slack bus, and B† is B’ deprived from all voltage-controlled buses related admittances. Finally, all these approximations and simplifications lead to the following successive voltage magnitude and voltage angle updating equations: (20) IVI (21) These equations formed the basis of the iteration scheme upon which the Matlab software written and then updated. Ill. Updated Algorithm The algorithm written according to the equations derived in the previous section is as follows: Step 1: Creation of the bus admittance Ybus according to the lines data given y the IEEE standard bus test systems. Step 2: Detection of all kinds and numbers of buses according to the bus data given by the IEEE standard bus test systems, setting all bus voltages to an initial value of 1 pu, all voltage angles to O, and the iteration counter iter to O. Step 3: Creation of the matrices B’ and B† according to equations (18) and (19). Step 4: If max (AP, AQ) accuracy then Go to Step 6 else 1. Calculation of the H and L elements of equations (14), (1 5), (16), (17). 2. Calculation of the real and reactive power at each bus, and checking if Mvar of generator buses re within the limits, otherwise update the voltage magnitude at these buses by ? ±2 3. Calculation of the power residuals, AP and AQ. 4. Calculation of the bus voltage and voltage angle updates AV and A6 according to equations (19) and (20). 5. Update of the voltage magnitude V and the voltage angle 6 at each bus. 6. Increment of the iteration counter iter = iter + 1 then Go to Step 4 Print out ‘Solution did not converge’ and go to Step 6 Step 6: Print out of the power flow solution, computation and display of the line flow and losses. The update of this algorithm was based on the weak coupling between AP and AV, nd between AQ and A6, explained in the previous section. Specifically, in the fourth subroutine of Step 4 of the initial algorithm, and instead of updating the voltage magnitude and the voltage angle once and simultaneously in each iteration, the improved algorithm updated either the voltage angle or the voltage magnitude at each bus, Jumped to subroutine 1 to recalculate the real and reactive power and then updated the second variable based on what was updated first. Moreover, and for more speed improvements and convergence reliability, the update of one of the two variables was repeated several times, holding the other ariable at its last calculated value, which reduced the number of floating point operations of the algorithm and thus lead to the faster convergence of the IFDPFM. IV. Numerical Analysis The performance of the IFDPFM was tested on IEEE 14, 30 and 57-bus systems with a convergence accuracy of 10-3 on a MVA base of 100 or equivalently 10-1 MVA for both power residuals AP and AQ. This numerical analysis involved a speed comparison between the NR method, the FDPFM and the IFDPFM based on the number of flops (floating point operations) of each algorithm implementing each method, rather than on any other basis, because he flops count is independent from the CPU speed or the specific programming language used. In addition, as mentioned in the previous part, the algorithm of this paper updated the voltage angle several times before updating the voltage magnitude or vice versa which resulted in a different flops count for each combination used for the same IEEE bus system. These combinations will be noted according to the number of loops of update of each variable. For instance, updating twice the voltage angle (6) and then once the voltage magnitude (V) in the same iteration will be written as (2;1). Note that any flops number without the previous notation will be the one of the best case of the updated algorithm. Moreover, for any combination to be listed in this paper it should have satisfied the condition of no more than 3 % deviation of its results from that of the NR method. The bar graph in Figure 1 shows a comparison based on the number of flops between the NR, FDPFM and the best case of IFDPFM for the three IEEE standard bus systems used in this paper. Number of flops per method per system 934. 573 305. 126 314. 925 157. 310 System 57 4,421. 752 2,841. 646 14 30. 823 56. 829 24. 574 1 ,ooo ,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Flops IFDPFM FDPFM 4,000 4,500 (Thousands) Fig. 1: Flops Comparison between the 3 methods. It is clearly seen that the IFDPFM requires much less flops to converge as compared to FDPFM or NR. This flops saving is proportional to the system size and as shown, increases with the increase of the number of buses. Obviously, this improvement in the number of flops will make the IFDPFM converge much faster than the two other methods whatever CPU used. Numerically, and for the biggest system involved in this paper (IEEE 57-Bus System), the IFDPFM revealed a flops saving of about 67 % when ompared with the FDPFM and about 78 % when compared with the NR. Normally, and as mentioned before, this saving goes down to the order of 50 % for the two smaller bus systems. In addition, and in order to reach the best case presented above, different strategies of updating the voltage angle (6) and the voltage magnitude (V) were tested and compared first with the FDPFM then with the NR. Figure 2 below the percentage of flops of IFDPFM versus that of the FDPFM, for 10 different updating strategies and for the three IEEE systems. Percentage Flops IFDPFM vs FDPFM 75 50 25 Delta;Voltage Loops IFDPFM14 IFDPFM30 IFDPFM57 Fig. 2: % of flops of IFDPFM vs. FDPFM for different voltage angle and voltage magnitude updating strategies. At the first look, it is seen that for the three systems, three parallel curves are sketched with most values less then 75 % of the FDPFM. This parallel property of this graph shows the consistency of the algorithm in its number of flops variation for each strategy for each system studied. Also, it is seen that for low number of voltage magnitude and voltage angle loops the IFDPFM can’t be more efficient than FDPFM, but for a slightly higher number the IFDPFM shows great improvement in flops saving nd reaches the highest improvement at the point (4;3), where in each iteration, the voltage angle was updated four times while the voltage was kept at its initial value and then 6 was kept at its last value and V updated three times. Numerically, and for the best case of IFDPFM (4;3), the new algorithm showed a flops saving of 57 % for the 14-bus system, 50% for the 30-bus system, and 68% for the 57-bus system. Figure 3 below shows the percentage of flops of IFDPFM versus that of the NR, for 10 different updating strategies and for the three IEEE systems. IFDPFM vs NR 175 150 25 Fig. 3: % of flops of IFDPFM vs. NR for different voltage angle and voltage magnitude updating strategies. Basically, the same comments of the comparison of IFDPFM with FDPFM apply in this comparison. However, here the flops saving is much more significant and is proportional to the system size. Numerically, we have a 21 % flops saving for the 14-bus system, 49 % for the 30-bus system and 78% for the 57-bus system. Finally, it is remarked that when compared with NR, IFDPFM savings showed a high variation in their percentage, mainly because they are highly proportional to the How to cite Improved Fast Decoupled Power Flow, Papers

Soft skills free essay sample

Soft skills is a term often associated with a persons EQ (Emotional Intelligence Quotient), the cluster of personality traits, social graces, communication, language, personal habits, friendliness, and optimism that characterize relationships with other people. Soft skills complement hard skills which are the occupational requirements of a job and many other activities. They are related to feelings, emotions, insights and (some would say) an inner knowing: i. e. they provide an important complement to hard skills and IQ. Soft skills are personal attributes that enhance an individuals interactions, job performance and career prospects. Unlike hard skills, which are about a persons skill set and ability to perform a certain type of task or activity, soft skills relate to a persons ability to interact effectively with coworkers and customers and are broadly applicable both in and outside the workplace. A persons soft skill EQ is an important part of their individual contribution to the success of an organization. Particularly those organizations dealing with customers face-to-face are generally more successful, if they train their staff to use these skills. Screening or training for personal habits or traits such as dependability and conscientiousness can yield significant return on investment for an organization. For this reason, soft skills are increasingly sought out by employers in addition to standard qualifications. It has been suggested that in a number of professions, soft skills may be more important over the long term than occupational skills. The legal profession is one example where the ability to deal with people effectively and politely, more than their mere occupational skills, can determine the professional success of a lawyer. Soft Skills are behavioral competencies. Also known as Interpersonal Skills, or people skills, they include proficiencies such as communication skills, conflict resolution and negotiation, personal effectiveness, creative problem solving, strategic thinking, team building, influencing skills and selling skills, to name a few. These skills are based on performance, productivity, and how well the job is done. All of these previously mentioned skills can be acquired through numerous ways, mainly with bettering communication and development of leadership qualities. Working on body language, eye contact, and being at ease in relationships of any kind will improve the soft skills. Here are the top 7 most important soft skills to have for both interviewing and in the workplace: 1. Acting as a team player means not only being cooperative, but also displaying strong leadership skills when necessary 2. Flexibility is a valuable asset employees who can adapt to any situation are dependable no matter whats thrown at them 3. Effective communication is paramount, and includes articulating oneself well, being a good listener and using appropriate body language 4. Problem-solving skills and resourcefulness are critical when unexpected issues inevitably arise 5. Accepting feedback and applying lessons learned fosters professional growth 6. Confidence is key, but its important to always have the knowledge and skills to support self-assurance 7. Creative thinking is invaluable and drives innovation and increased efficiency Soft skills play a vital role for professional success; they help one to excel in the workplace and their importance cannot be denied in this age of information and knowledge. Good soft skills will help us stand out in a milieu of routine job seekers with mediocre skills and talent. The most common traits, mentioned by virtually every employer, were: ~ Positive work ethic. ~ Good attitude. ~ Desire to learn and be trained. Mohan Rao, a technical director with Emmellen Biotech Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Mumbai defines a good attitude: It is a behavioural skill, which cannot be taught. However it can be developed through continuous training. It represents the reactive nature of the individual and is about looking at things with the right perspective. You must be ready to solve problems proactively and create win-win situations. And you must be able to take ownership ie responsibility for your actions and lead from the front without calling it quits at the most critical moment. Soft skills are as important, if not more important, than traditional hard skills to an employer looking to hire regardless of industry or job type. This could offer a major breakthrough as educators and training providers seek to develop and cluster training courses to fit business and industry needs. In the 21st century and going forward, three things are important—ability to communicate an idea visually, ability to have a balanced point-of-view on key issues and ability to convert ideas to results. Soft skills are non-technical, interpersonal and communication skills required by an engineer to successfully solve problems and apply his technical skills. Soft skills are directly proportional to one’s personality â€Å"Personality traits such as common sense, optimism, responsibility, integrity, attitude and behavioural competencies that include analytical thinking, result orientation and achievement, communication, teamwork, conflict management, customer orientation and attention to details come under soft skills. † Just as hard skills teach us about domain-specific skills like technology, products and processes, soft skills are about interacting with people with whom you work. Soft skills can also refer to a set of skills that determine how one interacts with others in a way that the company as such gets represented well. These skills are applicable to all internal as well as external forums where employees are making key interactions. Simply put, soft skills have more to do with who we are than what we know. Soft skills critically impact the way an individual translates his expertise across to his team and further to the whole organization and emotional intelligence is the critical element that defines the core of soft skills a person is equipped with. Non-technical aspects of engineering such as communications, relationships, temperament, emotional intelligence and risk management make a difference between success and failure. Understanding and adapting to the working environment is just as crucial as getting the job itself. The ability to understand company and work team culture is the most under-appreciated soft skill. Soft skills are applied emotional intelligence and as such, they are very important. Soft skills are very essential for personal and professional development of individuals. Technical skills may take us to the doorstep but it is your soft skills that will open up the door for us. There are three ways to enhance one’s soft skills. The first step is to gain knowledge on the subject. Communication process and its importance, ways to improve relationships with people and qualities of a good team member or leader can be studied through various books available in the market The second step is to practice the knowledge gained in work scenarios. Knowledge gained but not practiced would result in forgetting the learnt points. Picking up what one has learnt, and applying it and practicing it and then moving to the second point would be more effective. It is ‘one at a time’ approach to learning new skills. The other way would be to attend learning programs conducted by professional trainers who have been in the industry for quite some time. Training programs have a hands-on approach, which results in faster learning and more retention. Mentorship programs, group discussions, mock presentations, role play and understanding of the organization’s work ethics are some ways to enhance soft skills. Self-practice is another way to improve soft skills. Soft skills enhancement can and will only take place if there is appropriate level of self-awareness and, of course, practice is essential to sustain and continuously improve once a skill is acquired.